Zweig, Arnold - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Arnold Zweig , 1887-1968, German novelist and dramatist. A Zionist, he was denationalized under National Socialism and went to Palestine. There he wrote about the plight of German Jews in Insulted and Exiled (1933, tr. 1937). After 1948 he returned to live in East Germany. Zweig's realistic novels are characterized by profound humanity and ironic style; the best known, which form a trilogy, are Education before Verdun (1935, tr. 1936), The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927, tr. 1927), and The Crowning of a King (1937, tr. 1938). His powerful fictional study of life in Germany in 1937, The Axe of Wandsbek, appeared in 1947 (tr. 1947). Among his later works are Five Romances (tr. 1959). His reminiscences were published in 1967.

Zweig, Stefan - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Stefan Zweig , 1881-1942, Austrian biographer, poet, and novelist. Born in Vienna of a well-to-do Jewish family, he was part of the humanitarian, pan-European cultural circle that included Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Richard Strauss. Zweig's first works were poetry and a poetic drama, Jeremias (1917, tr. 1929), which expressed his passionately antiwar feelings. Under National Socialism he went into exile in 1934, emigrating first to England. In 1941 he and his second wife went to Brazil, where they committed suicide. Zweig's best-known works of fiction are Ungeduld des Herzens (1938, tr. Beware of Pity, 1939) and Schachnovelle (1944, tr. The Royal Game, 1944), but his most outstanding accomplishments were his many biographies, which were based on psychological interpretation. The subjects of these include Marie Antoinette, Erasmus, Mary Queen of Scots, Magellan, Balzac, and Verlaine. Zweig's historical perception is best evident in Sternstunden der Menschheit (1928, tr. The Tide of Fortune, 1940).

zwetschgenwasser - A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition

zwetschgenwasser (zwetschenwasser) See quetsch.

Zwickau - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Zwickau , city (1994 pop. 107,988), Saxony, E central Germany, on the Mulde River. It is an industrial city and until the late 1970s was the center of a coal mining region. Manufactures include machinery, textiles, and automobile parts. Zwickau was chartered in the early 13th cent., and it was a free imperial city from 1290 to 1323, when it passed to the margraves of Meissen. The city was (1520-23) the center of the Anabaptist movement of Thomas Münzer . It was repeatedly plundered during the Thirty Years War (1618-48). Noteworthy buildings include a basilica (12th-15th cent.), the Church of St. Catherine (14th cent.), and the city hall (15th cent.). Robert Schumann was born (1810) in Zwickau, and the city has a Schumann museum.

Zwicky, Fritz - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Fritz Zwicky , 1898-1974, Swiss-American astrophysicist, b. Bulgaria, educated at Zürich. Associated with the California Institute of Technology after his arrival in the United States in 1925, he became professor of astrophysics in 1942 and emeritus professor in 1972. He discovered more than 120 supernovas and with Rudolf Minkowski and Walter Baade he developed several models to explain their occurrence. Decades before the observational discovery of neutron stars , Zwicky suggested that the Crab Nebula in Taurus originated in a supernova. He is also known for his study of jet propulsion, cosmic rays, crystals, and slow electrons and ions in gases.

zwieback - The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English

zwieback / swbak; zw-; sw-; zw-/
• n. a rusk or cracker made by baking a small loaf and then toasting slices until they are crisp.

zwieback - The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

zwieback rusk. XIX. — G., tr. It. biscotto ‘twice-baked’ (see BISCUIT).

zwieback - A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition

zwieback German name for twice-baked bread or rusk. Ordinary dough plus eggs and butter, baked, sliced, baked again to a rusk, and sometimes sugar-coated.

Zwinger - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Rococo-style building complex (1709–32), on the southern bank of the Elbe in Dresden, Germany, designed by Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann (1662–1736). Originally planned as the forecourt for a castle, it is considered one of the finest works of its style in the world. It comprises one- and two-story buildings surrounding an immense square court. Its festive air is accented by bold, richly sculpted and ornamented facades and gates and by dramatic contrasts between its low arcades and high pavilions.

Zwingli, Huldreich - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Zwingli received a thorough classical education in Basel, Bern, and Vienna, and was considerably influenced by the humanist precepts of Erasmus. His devotion to learning and his passion for individual freedom, developed through contact with the self-governing Swiss cantons, were important influences in his life. In 1506 he was ordained and appointed pastor of Glarus; he also served (1513, 1515) as chaplain to Swiss mercenaries in Italy. In 1516 he became people's vicar at Einsiedeln. While there Zwingli began to formulate the ideas that were to lead him to renounce the church of Rome.

Unlike Martin Luther , Zwingli experienced no acute religious crisis—he became a reformer through his studies. Later he was to adopt Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone, but Zwingli's independent study of Scriptures had already led him to question the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. When he became vicar at the Grossmünster of Zürich in 1518 he found the democratic institutions of the community amenable to his beliefs. In 1519 he successfully opposed the dispensing of indulgences in the city and soon was preaching against clerical celibacy, monasticism, and many other church practices.

Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation

The real beginning of the Reformation in Switzerland was Zwingli's lectures on the New Testament in 1519. Armed with Erasmus' 1516 edition of the Greek text he discarded scholastic commentaries and proclaimed the sole authority of the word of God as revealed in Scriptures. With his expression of opposition to Lenten observances in 1522 the Reformation in Zürich was well under way. In the same year, with the publication of Architeles, he made clear his belief in freedom from the control of the Roman hierarchy. A public disputation with a papal representative was held before the general council at Zürich in 1523; Zwingli presented his doctrines in 67 theses. The council approved the Zwinglian position and instructed all priests in the canton to comply.

The new practices were rapidly put into effect—organs were destroyed, images were removed from churches, priests were allowed to marry, monasticism was abolished, the liturgy was simplified, and the sacrament of communion reduced to a commemorative feast. In 1524, Zwingli publicly celebrated his marriage, which he had illegally contracted two years previously. In 1525 the Catholic Mass was replaced by a reformed service at Zwingli's church in Zürich.

Zwingli became embroiled with the Lutherans in a doctrinal dispute concerning the nature of the Eucharist (see Lord's Supper ). Philip of Hesse endeavored to reconcile these differences within the Protestant ranks by calling the disputants together at the Marburg Colloquy (1529). Zwingli and Johannes Oecolampadius and Luther and Philip Melanchthon were present, but no agreement was reached.

Although Bern adopted Zwingli's reforms in 1528, and Basel and St. Gall soon after, he faced agitation by the Anabaptists, who wanted even more radical reform, and the armed resistance of the Forest Cantons that had remained loyal to Rome. When Zürich imposed a trade embargo on these cantons they retaliated with war (1531), and at the battle of Kappel, Zwingli was killed. Zwingli's work in Zürich was carried on by his colleague and son-in-law, Heinrich Bullinger , but the Reformation in Switzerland passed into the hands of John Calvin . Calvin built his comprehensive theological system partly on the groundwork laid by Zwingli, but he resisted Zwingli's more radical teaching on baptism and the Lord's Supper. The Consensus Tigurinus (1549) marks the departure of the Swiss Reformation from Zwinglian to Calvinist doctrine.

Zwingli, Ulrich - World Encyclopedia

Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) Swiss Protestant theologian and reformer. Zwingli was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in 1506, but his studies of the New Testament in Erasmus' editions led him to become a reformer. By 1522, he was preaching reformed doctrine in Zürich, a centre for the Reformation. More radical than Martin Luther, Zwingli regarded communion as mainly symbolic and commemorative. He died while serving as a military chaplain with the Zürich army during a battle against the Catholic cantons at Kappel.

Zwingli, Ulrich - A Dictionary of World History

Zwingli, Ulrich (1484–1531) Swiss Protestant reformer, the principal figure of the Swiss Reformation. He was minister of Zurich from 1518, where he sought to carry through his political and religious reforms and met with strong local support. From 1522 he published articles advocating the liberation of believers from the control of the papacy and bishops, and upholding the Gospel as the sole basis of truth. He attacked the idea of purgatory, the invocation of saints, monasticism, and other orthodox doctrines. His beliefs differed most markedly from Martin Luther's in his rejection of the latter's doctrine of consubstantiation. The spread of Zwingli's ideas in Switzerland met with fierce resistance and Zwingli was killed in the resulting civil war.

Zwinglian - The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

Zwinglian pert. to (a follower of) Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531). Swiss religious reformer. XVI. See -IAN.

zwitterion - A Dictionary of Zoology

zwitterion A dipolar ion (i.e. one with both negative and positive charges and therefore no net charge). Amino acids in solution at neutral pH usually exist in this form, when the amino group is protonated (–NH+3) and the carbonyl group dissociated (–COO−).

Zwolle - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Zwolle , city (1994 pop. 99,139), capital of Overijssel prov., N central Netherlands, on the Zwartewater River. It is an administrative, transportation, and industrial center. Shipbuilding and iron-working are activities. Notable buildings include the 15th-century town hall and the Church of St. Michael, a 15th-century Gothic structure. Nearby was the monastery where Thomas à Kempis lived (15th cent.).

Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Vladimir Kosma Zworykin , 1889-1982, American physicist, b. Russia, educated in Russia, at the Collège de France, and at the Univ. of Pittsburgh (Ph.D., 1926). He became an American citizen in 1924. On the staff of the Radio Corp. of America after 1929, he became vice president and technical consultant of the corporation in 1947 and honorary vice president and consultant in 1954. In recognition of his many achievements he was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1967. His important researches in electronics enabled him to develop with his coworkers the iconoscope, a scanning tube for the television camera, and the kinescope, a cathode-ray tube in the television receiving apparatus. A group under his direction produced (1939) an electron microscope. Zworykin is coauthor of Photocells and Their Application (1930, rev. ed. 1934), Television (1940), Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope (1945), Photoelectricity and Its Application (1949), and Television in Science and Industry (1958).

Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma - World Encyclopedia

Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma (1889–1982) US physicist and inventor, b. Russia. A pioneer of television, in 1929 Zworykin joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), becoming its director of electronic development and (in 1947) a vice president. Zworykin and his colleagues developed the iconoscope, the forerunner of the modern television camera tube, and the kinescope, a cathode-ray tube for TV sets. In 1928, he patented a colour television system. He also invented the electron microscope and developed a secondary emission multiplier for a sensitive radiation detector. In 1967, Zworykin received the National Medal of Science for his inventions and contributions to medical research.

zydeco - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

zydeco , American musical form originating among the African-American Creoles of Louisiana. Drawing on elements of traditional Cajun music as well as jazz, country and western, and blues, it is characterized by French lyrics, Creole flavor, and strong dance rhythms. The most important and traditional instrument used in performing zydeco is the piano accordion. Other instruments often included in a zydeco band are the guitar, electric bass, saxophone, drums, and "rubboard" (washboard). Among the genre's better known performers are Clifton Chenier (1925-87), zydeco's best-known musician; Wilson Anthony "Boozoo" Chavis; Rockin' Sidney; Buckwheat Zydeco; and Queen Ida Lewis.

zydeco - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Form of dance music from southwestern Louisiana, U.S., with roots in French, African American, and Afro-Caribbean styles. Similar to the music of the Cajuns (displaced French Canadians who settled in Louisiana), zydeco was created by the Creoles (those of African heritage in Louisianan French culture). Its name is thought to come from a modified pronunciation of the French phrase les haricots (“the beans”) heard in a popular song. The music usually features guitar, accordion, fiddle (violin), and washboard played to a driving beat, but it may also include electric guitar, electric bass, saxophone, and keyboards. It became widely popular in the 1980s through the performances of Clifton Chenier, Queen Ida, Buckwheat Zydeco, Boozoo Chavis, and others.

Zygaenidae - A Dictionary of Zoology

Zygaenidae (burnets, foresters; subclass Pterygota, order Lepidoptera) Family of small moths, which are generally brightly coloured, slow-flying, and diurnal. Many species are distasteful, some are toxic. The larvae have short, dense, secondary setae. The cocoon is above ground, tough, and elongate. The family is widespread.

zygapophyses - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygapophyses See VERTEBRA.

Zygmund, Antoni - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Antoni Zygmund , 1900-1992, Polish-American mathematician, b. Warsaw, Ph.D. Univ. of Warsaw, 1923. In 1940 he escaped from German-controlled Poland to the United States. He served in a number of posts before he was appointed to the faculty at the Univ. of Chicago in 1947 and remained there until he retired in 1980. At Chicago, Zygmund created a major analysis research center. With his protégé Alberto Calderón he formulated the Calderón-Zygmund theory of singular integral operators and inspired the Calderón-Zygmund, or Chicago, school of mathematicians devoted to their study. His work in harmonic analysis has application in the theory of waves and vibrations. He also did major work in Fourier analysis and its application to partial differential equations. His book Trigonometric Series (1935) is a classic that, together with later editions, is still the definitive work on the subject. Other major works include Analytic Functions (1938) and Measure and Integral (1977).

zygo- - The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

zygo- repr. comb. form of Gr. zugón YOKE.

zygodactylous - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygodactylous In birds, applied to feet in which two toes point forwards, and two to the rear. The condition is found e.g. in Cuculidae, Picidae, Psittacidae, and Ramphastidae. Compare ANISODACTYLOUS.

zygoma - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygoma See ZYGOMATIC ARCH.

zygoma - The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

zygoma (anat.) bony arch on each side of the skull. XVII. — Gr. zúgōma, f. zugón YOKE.

zygomatic arch - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygomatic arch (zygoma) The bone at the side of the skull which forms an arch from beneath the orbit to a position toward the back of the head. It is composed of the maxilla, jugal, and squamosal bones, but may be incomplete. The main chewing (masseter) muscle is attached to the zygomatic arch.

zygomatic bone - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygomatic bone See JUGAL BONE.

zygomatic bone - The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English

zygomatic bone
• n. Anat. the bone that forms the prominent part of the cheek and the outer side of the eye socket.

zygomorphic - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygomorphic (irregular) Bilaterally symmetrical, and therefore divisible into equal halves in only one plane.

Zygomycota - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Zygomycota , a phylum of the kingdom Fungi .

Author not available, ZYGOMYCOTA., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2007

Zygoptera - A Dictionary of Zoology

Zygoptera (damselflies; subclass Pterygota, order Odonata) Cosmopolitan suborder of dragonflies, comprising insects with slender bodies, and two pairs of wings. Both hind and fore wings have a narrow base, and are folded over the abdomen when the insect is at rest. Damselflies are generally weak fliers, frequenting bankside vegetation. The aquatic nymphs have three elongate, tracheal gills of varying form, at the end of the abdomen. There are 18 families, containing about 3000 species.

Zygosaccharomyces - A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition

Zygosaccharomyces Yeasts that grow in high concentrations of sugar (osmophilic) that cause spoilage of honey, jams, and syrups.

zygote - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygote The fertilized ovum of an animal, formed from the fusion of male and female gametes when, under normal circumstances, the diploid chromosome number is restored, in the stage before it undergoes division.

zygote - A Dictionary of Psychology

zygote n. A fertilized ovum or egg. See also blastocyst, embryo, foetus, morula.[From Greek zygotos yoked, from zygon a yoke]

zygote - World Encyclopedia

zygote In sexual reproduction, a cell formed by fusion of a male and a female gamete. It contains a diploid (two sets) number of chromosomes, half contributed by the sperm, half by the ovum. Through successive cell divisions, the zygote will develop into an embryo.

zygote - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

zygote see reproduction .

Author not available, ZYGOTE., The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2007

zygote - The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English

zygote / zgt/
• n. Biol. a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.
DERIVATIVES:
zygotic / zgtik/ adj.

zygotene - A Dictionary of Zoology

zygotene See MEIOSIS; PROPHASE.

zymase - A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition

zymase The mixture of enzymes in yeast which is responsible for fermentation.

zymo- - The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

zymo-, before a vowel zym-, comb. form of Gr. zū́mē leaven, in techn. terms (gen.) fermentation XIX.
So zymosis XIX. — Gr. zū́mōsis. zymotic XIX. — Gr. zūmōtikós causing fermentation.

zymogen - A Dictionary of Zoology

zymogen (pro-enzyme) The inactive precursor of an enzyme, subsequently activated by specific partial proteolysis.

zymogen - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

[or proenzyme] Any of a class of proteins that are secreted by cells and are inactive precursors of enzymes. Transformation into active enzymes occurs as one or more peptide bonds in the zymogen are cleaved. Examples include trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, secreted by the pancreas and converted by proteolysis in the small intestine into the active enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin; and numerous coagulation factors.

zymogen granule - A Dictionary of Zoology

zymogen granule One of the dense, membrane-bound bodies containing zymogen that is derived from the Golgi body of cells. Zymogen granules occur in particularly large numbers in secretory cells such as the acinar cells of the pancreas.

zymogenous - A Dictionary of Zoology

zymogenous Applied to organisms whose presence in a given habitat is transient; the numbers of such organisms fluctuate greatly, e.g. in response to the availability of particular nutrients.

zymogens - A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition

zymogens The inactive form in which some enzymes, especially the protein digestive enzymes, are secreted, being activated after secretion. Also called pro-enzymes, or enzyme precursors.

zymurgy - The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

zymurgy practice of fermentation. XIX. f. Gr. zū́mē leaven + -urgy (rel. to WORK) as in metallurgy.

Zyprexa - A Dictionary of Psychology

Zyprexa n. A proprietary name for the atypical antipsychotic drug olanzapine. [Trademark]

Zyrians - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Zyrians see Komi .

Zyuganov, Gennady - World Encyclopedia

Zyuganov, Gennady (1944– ) Russian politician. During the 1970s and 1980s, Zyuganov moved up the Soviet Communist Party hierarchy, taking positions focused on ideology and propaganda. In 1993, he became chairman of the executive committee of the reconstituted Russian Communist Party and was elected to the State Duma (the lower House of the Russian Parliament). The Communist Party gained the largest number of votes in 1995 elections, and Zyuganov mounted a strong challenge in the 1996 presidential elections. He was defeated by a coalition of Boris Yeltsin and Aleksander Lebed.

Zyuganov, Gennady - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition

Gennady Zyuganov , 1944-, Russian politician, b. Mymrino. The son and grandson of country schoolteachers, he grew up in the tiny farming village where he was born, joined the Communist youth organization Komsomol at 14, and attended the Orel Pedagogical Institute in central Russia, where he taught physics and math in the 1960s. Joining the Communist party at the institute, he rose through the ranks, ultimately handling propaganda in the Orel region. In 1983 he was called to Moscow, where he worked in the ideology department of the Central Committee.

As Mikhail Gorbachev 's reforms took hold in the late 1980s, Zyuganov stood with the right wing of the party and was one of those who split from the old Communist party (1990) and formed the new Russian Communist party. Zyuganov became one of seven secretaries of the new group's Central Committee and in 1993 its chairman. That same year he was elected to the Duma, the lower house of parliament, as part of a strong first-place electoral showing by the Communists. Two years later further balloting gave the Communists the largest bloc in parliament and put Zyuganov in an even more powerful political position.

Known for his highly developed tactical skills, political flexibility, bluff manner, and rather bland personality, Zyuganov became an outspoken champion of Russian nationalism and promoted himself as a moderate Communist. Early in 1996, as head of the Communist party of the Russian Federation and the representative of a broad coalition of nationalists and other opposition parties and movements, he announced that he would run for president of Russia against Boris Yeltsin in the 1996 elections.

A critic of the war in Chechnya and a supporter of a mixed economy, Zyuganov promised to aid a population suffering severe economic hardships from a rapidly imposed free-market economy. He also pledged to strengthen the state and renationalize certain industries and properties and called for a voluntary "restoration" of an enlarged Russia. Tending to glorify the Soviet Union's past, he has usually glossed over the horrors of Stalinism. While some have seen him as an earnest, if somewhat colorless, force for pluralist moderation, many critics called him a ruthless opportunist, a throwback to Soviet-style leadership, and a stalking horse for hardliners. Zyuganov ran a very close second to Yeltsin in the 1996 presidential vote but lost in the runoff. In May, 1999, he led the Communists in a failed attempt to impeach Yeltsin. After the Dec., 1999, parliamentary elections, the number of Communist seats in the Duma was reduced, largely because of electoral support for the government's invasion of Chechnya in Sept., 1999. In the Mar., 2000, presidential contest Zyuganov placed a distant second behind Vladimir Putin ; Zyuganov did not challenge Putin in 2004.